Tuesday, November 04, 2008
Beer That's Good for You
Students in Texas are trying to create a brew that includes red wine's antiaging compound.
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Stock still: Undergraduates are brewing beer in a Rice University lab as part of a project to create "BioBeer" that contains resveratrol, a compound found in red wine. Animals given resveratrol live longer, healthier lives.
Credit: Taylor Stevenson, Rice University |
Since headlines began trumpeting the antiaging effects of red wine a couple of years ago, the traditional toast to good health has become more meaningful. But students at Rice University, in Texas, think that beer drinkers shouldn't be left out. They're trying to engineer a yeast that produces the antiaging chemical found in red wine--resveratrol--and use it to brew "BioBeer" with a health boost.
"It's not going to prevent you from getting a beer gut from drinking too much beer, or from getting cirrhosis of the liver," says Taylor Stevenson, one of six undergraduates working on the project. "But people are already drinking beer, so why not make the activity a little healthier?"
Resveratrol was discovered in red wine in the 1990s, prompting scientists to wonder if it might explain the "French paradox"--the fact that the French have a relatively low death rate from heart disease, despite a diet relatively high in saturated fat. Resveratrol is now known to extend life span in various organisms, including fish, flies, and yeast, and aging mice fed high doses of the chemical are healthier in their old age. It's not known whether resveratrol has the same effects in humans.
The BioBeer project is an entry in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition being held this weekend in Cambridge, MA. The event showcases student work in the field of synthetic biology, in which researchers string together blocks of DNA--whether artificial or naturally occurring--in order to build useful new organisms from scratch.
Many of the blocks of DNA identified by synthetic-biology researchers have been recorded in the open-source Registry of Standard Biological Parts at MIT. Participants in the iGEM competition submit their own DNA blocks to the registry, and they may use parts from the registry in their projects. The BioBeer team will submit 16 blocks to the registry, Stevenson says.
Other researchers have engineered yeast to produce resveratrol under aerobic conditions, but that's of limited use, since resveratrol is deactivated by exposure to oxygen. The Rice students are trying to create a yeast that produces the chemical during fermentation. They say that the method could be used to introduce other air-sensitive pharmaceuticals into beer, which is the most popular alcoholic beverage in the United States.
"I think of it as a drinkable bioreactor," says Thomas Segall-Shapiro of the BioBeer team. "It's completely ready to go once it's brewed."
The BioBeer team has equipped yeast with two genes that code for enzymes required for resveratrol production. The first enzyme converts the amino acid tyrosine into coumaric acid, and the second turns that into resveratrol.
Resveratrol is found in low levels in hops, the raw ingredient of beer. "We're just trying to enhance something that's probably there at very low levels," says Jonathan Silberg, faculty advisor for the BioBeer project at Rice. "We're not trying to undermine wine's little niche in any way. It's a different market."
"I'm sure there would be people interested in drinking resveratrol in beer rather than wine," says Rafael de Cabo of the National Institute on Aging, who has studied the effects of resveratrol. But "you can add resveratrol directly to the beer," he says. "You don't need to make a yeast that will make resveratrol."
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